Detailed NVDA options chain for 2028-06-16 – real-time call and put contracts with last price, bid/ask, volume, open interest, implied volatility, and in-the-money status.
Tip: Use this page together with the price chart, short-term prediction, and multi-expiry options overview to build a complete view of positioning and risk for NVDA.
This page focuses on a single options expiration date for NVDA – 2028-06-16 – and lists every available call and put contract in a clean chain view. Each row shows the contract symbol, last trade, bid/ask quotes, daily change, percentage change, trading volume, open interest, implied volatility (IV), and whether the option is currently in-the-money (ITM).
Traders often use a specific expiry’s options chain to identify key strike levels, unusual activity, and risk hedging behavior. High open interest around certain strikes or sudden spikes in volume can reveal where large traders and market makers are concentrating their positions for NVDA into 2028-06-16.
This NVDA 2028-06-16 options chain provides a complete strike-by-strike breakdown of pricing, liquidity and volatility. By comparing changes in volume, open interest distribution and IV across calls and puts, traders can understand where the market is positioning ahead of this specific expiration date.
The table below shows all call options on NVDA expiring on 2028-06-16. You can quickly compare strikes, pricing, liquidity (volume and open interest), and implied volatility to spot popular strike zones and potential directional bets.
| Contract | Strike | Last | Bid | Ask | Volume | Open Int. | Implied Vol | ITM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NVDA 280616C00300000 | 300.00 | 26.35 | 25.45 | 26.95 | 3 | 5883 | 47.56% | |
| NVDA 280616C00350000 | 350.00 | 18.25 | 17.65 | 19.25 | 5 | 5505 | 47.34% | |
| NVDA 280616C00400000 | 400.00 | 12.88 | 12.55 | 14 | 1 | 5223 | 47.27% | |
| NVDA 280616C00215000 | 215.00 | 50.3 | 48.8 | 50.65 | 38 | 4342 | 49.81% | |
| NVDA 280616C00220000 | 220.00 | 48.86 | 47 | 49.25 | 7 | 3413 | 50.04% | |
| NVDA 280616C00250000 | 250.00 | 38.25 | 37.35 | 39.2 | 14 | 3227 | 48.83% | |
| NVDA 280616C00430000 | 430.00 | 12.46 | 10.15 | 12 | 1 | 2617 | 47.70% | |
| NVDA 280616C00230000 | 230.00 | 44.2 | 43.2 | 45.05 | 1 | 2408 | 49.05% | |
| NVDA 280616C00310000 | 310.00 | 24.93 | 23.45 | 25.4 | 2 | 2241 | 47.72% | |
| NVDA 280616C00330000 | 330.00 | 23.25 | 20.25 | 22.25 | 1 | 1837 | 47.67% | |
| NVDA 280616C00380000 | 380.00 | 15.1 | 14.15 | 16.1 | 4 | 1812 | 47.54% | |
| NVDA 280616C00240000 | 240.00 | 41.34 | 40.45 | 42.1 | 1 | 1559 | 49.01% | |
| NVDA 280616C00225000 | 225.00 | 46.65 | 44.9 | 47.4 | 7 | 1523 | 49.80% | |
| NVDA 280616C00210000 | 210.00 | 52.11 | 50.9 | 52.8 | 17 | 1475 | 50.22% | |
| NVDA 280616C00450000 | 450.00 | 10.4 | 9.25 | 10.25 | 3 | 1268 | 47.15% | |
| NVDA 280616C00255000 | 255.00 | 39.13 | 35.85 | 37.75 | 2 | 1053 | 48.67% | |
| NVDA 280616C00200000 | 200.00 | 55.85 | 54.25 | 56.6 | 215 | 1047 | 50.42% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00245000 | 245.00 | 42 | 38.55 | 40.55 | 51 | 962 | 48.85% | |
| NVDA 280616C00460000 | 460.00 | 9.8 | 8.65 | 9.75 | 42 | 772 | 47.28% | |
| NVDA 280616C00390000 | 390.00 | 15.08 | 13.45 | 15.15 | 3 | 694 | 47.56% | |
| NVDA 280616C00290000 | 290.00 | 30.9 | 27.25 | 29.2 | 17 | 629 | 47.92% | |
| NVDA 280616C00080000 | 80.00 | 133.15 | 129.2 | 135.65 | 2 | 611 | 67.18% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00205000 | 205.00 | 53.88 | 52.5 | 54.1 | 41 | 609 | 49.78% | |
| NVDA 280616C00410000 | 410.00 | 13.9 | 11.55 | 13.45 | 4 | 600 | 47.61% | |
| NVDA 280616C00110000 | 110.00 | 110.1 | 105.75 | 109.1 | 3 | 565 | 57.19% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00260000 | 260.00 | 35.57 | 34.65 | 36.25 | 3 | 535 | 48.43% | |
| NVDA 280616C00190000 | 190.00 | 60.23 | 58.5 | 62.2 | 51 | 498 | 50.30% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00150000 | 150.00 | 80.95 | 79.3 | 83.6 | 4 | 494 | 53.31% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00135000 | 135.00 | 94.05 | 88.5 | 92.75 | 2 | 483 | 54.66% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00130000 | 130.00 | 96.65 | 91.8 | 95.55 | 2 | 467 | 54.91% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00125000 | 125.00 | 100.62 | 95.15 | 99.45 | 108 | 463 | 55.90% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00065000 | 65.00 | 144 | 140.8 | 148.3 | 2 | 456 | 70.83% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00100000 | 100.00 | 118.3 | 113.25 | 118 | 10 | 452 | 60.22% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00420000 | 420.00 | 12.2 | 10.8 | 12.7 | 3 | 451 | 47.65% | |
| NVDA 280616C00370000 | 370.00 | 17.2 | 15.2 | 17.1 | 32 | 448 | 47.50% | |
| NVDA 280616C00185000 | 185.00 | 62.6 | 60.8 | 64.2 | 3 | 447 | 50.41% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00180000 | 180.00 | 65.25 | 63.2 | 66.75 | 7 | 425 | 50.78% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00270000 | 270.00 | 34.5 | 31.75 | 33.5 | 30 | 414 | 48.05% | |
| NVDA 280616C00195000 | 195.00 | 60.49 | 56.3 | 58.75 | 2 | 410 | 50.66% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00275000 | 275.00 | 32.39 | 30.55 | 32.4 | 6 | 407 | 48.05% | |
| NVDA 280616C00140000 | 140.00 | 87.5 | 85.35 | 89.7 | 5 | 396 | 54.24% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00325000 | 325.00 | 22.7 | 21 | 22.95 | 1 | 389 | 47.64% | |
| NVDA 280616C00165000 | 165.00 | 75.23 | 70.85 | 74.9 | 2 | 361 | 51.98% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00320000 | 320.00 | 25.5 | 21.75 | 23.75 | 1 | 354 | 47.68% | |
| NVDA 280616C00170000 | 170.00 | 69.45 | 68.2 | 71.3 | 8 | 350 | 51.12% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00175000 | 175.00 | 68.45 | 66.4 | 68.75 | 6 | 346 | 51.21% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00055000 | 55.00 | 155.55 | 148 | 157.15 | 20 | 327 | 72.08% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00340000 | 340.00 | 20.43 | 18.8 | 20.85 | 1 | 323 | 47.65% | |
| NVDA 280616C00075000 | 75.00 | 138.55 | 132.05 | 139.3 | 2 | 318 | 66.19% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00120000 | 120.00 | 105.05 | 98.65 | 102.4 | 2 | 317 | 56.21% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00160000 | 160.00 | 76.75 | 74.3 | 77.7 | 5 | 317 | 52.80% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00305000 | 305.00 | 28.9 | 24.35 | 26.3 | 1 | 314 | 47.77% | |
| NVDA 280616C00345000 | 345.00 | 19.82 | 18.15 | 20.2 | 1 | 314 | 47.66% | |
| NVDA 280616C00070000 | 70.00 | 142.9 | 136.25 | 144 | 4 | 303 | 68.51% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00280000 | 280.00 | 32.05 | 29.4 | 31.35 | 6 | 297 | 48.06% | |
| NVDA 280616C00235000 | 235.00 | 42.48 | 41.6 | 43.05 | 2 | 294 | 48.58% | |
| NVDA 280616C00060000 | 60.00 | 154.35 | 144 | 152.6 | 2 | 292 | 70.57% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00285000 | 285.00 | 29.86 | 28.3 | 30.25 | 1 | 277 | 47.99% | |
| NVDA 280616C00085000 | 85.00 | 127.75 | 123.75 | 131.1 | 2 | 274 | 63.45% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00360000 | 360.00 | 18.15 | 16.3 | 18.3 | 1 | 271 | 47.59% | |
| NVDA 280616C00265000 | 265.00 | 35.75 | 33.5 | 34.8 | 1 | 261 | 48.19% | |
| NVDA 280616C00005000 | 5.00 | 203.29 | 194 | 204 | 10 | 257 | 153.32% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00155000 | 155.00 | 81.13 | 76.4 | 80.6 | 1 | 253 | 52.83% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00115000 | 115.00 | 106.6 | 102.15 | 106.8 | 6 | 252 | 57.59% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00050000 | 50.00 | 165.1 | 153 | 161.6 | 64 | 232 | 75.76% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00045000 | 45.00 | 166.2 | 157 | 167 | 120 | 230 | 79.68% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00440000 | 440.00 | 11.59 | 9.5 | 11.45 | 2 | 228 | 47.88% | |
| NVDA 280616C00095000 | 95.00 | 121.8 | 117.15 | 121.9 | 4 | 219 | 61.30% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00145000 | 145.00 | 82.21 | 82.25 | 86.65 | 1 | 215 | 53.77% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00105000 | 105.00 | 113.9 | 109.45 | 114.2 | 40 | 196 | 59.27% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00335000 | 335.00 | 21.83 | 19.5 | 21.45 | 1 | 192 | 47.57% | |
| NVDA 280616C00090000 | 90.00 | 123.2 | 119.7 | 127.5 | 2 | 165 | 62.70% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00315000 | 315.00 | 23.66 | 22.6 | 24.4 | 1 | 134 | 47.55% | |
| NVDA 280616C00020000 | 20.00 | 175.76 | 180 | 190 | 2 | 115 | 104.15% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00295000 | 295.00 | 27.89 | 26.25 | 28.2 | 1 | 113 | 47.87% | |
| NVDA 280616C00040000 | 40.00 | 157.88 | 162 | 172 | 1 | 51 | 85.93% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00030000 | 30.00 | 182.03 | 180.6 | 188.55 | 2 | 45 | 150.16% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00035000 | 35.00 | 171.03 | 166 | 176 | 1 | 17 | 86.06% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00010000 | 10.00 | 184.54 | 189 | 199 | 1 | 5 | 117.87% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00015000 | 15.00 | 182.7 | 184 | 194 | 1 | 1 | 99.76% | YES |
| NVDA 280616C00025000 | 25.00 | 195.45 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0.00% | YES |
The table below lists all put options on NVDA expiring on 2028-06-16. Use it to track downside protection demand, hedge activity, and deep out-of-the-money puts that may indicate tail-risk hedging or speculation.
| Contract | Strike | Last | Bid | Ask | Volume | Open Int. | Implied Vol | ITM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NVDA 280616P00155000 | 155.00 | 18.42 | 17.85 | 19.75 | 1 | 6554 | 40.53% | |
| NVDA 280616P00220000 | 220.00 | 49.75 | 48.65 | 50.45 | 23 | 6080 | 36.03% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00160000 | 160.00 | 20.2 | 19.75 | 21.3 | 3 | 5449 | 39.84% | |
| NVDA 280616P00170000 | 170.00 | 24.13 | 23.8 | 25.35 | 1 | 5212 | 39.27% | |
| NVDA 280616P00150000 | 150.00 | 17.55 | 16.4 | 17.7 | 2 | 4808 | 40.52% | |
| NVDA 280616P00120000 | 120.00 | 8.86 | 8.35 | 9.2 | 4 | 3887 | 42.85% | |
| NVDA 280616P00200000 | 200.00 | 38.1 | 38 | 40.3 | 2 | 3584 | 38.17% | |
| NVDA 280616P00130000 | 130.00 | 11 | 10.2 | 12.15 | 33 | 3209 | 42.78% | |
| NVDA 280616P00195000 | 195.00 | 35.31 | 34.35 | 37.8 | 26 | 2592 | 38.56% | |
| NVDA 280616P00235000 | 235.00 | 64.2 | 56.85 | 61.1 | 2 | 2559 | 36.40% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00180000 | 180.00 | 28.3 | 27.75 | 30.45 | 7 | 2206 | 39.40% | |
| NVDA 280616P00280000 | 280.00 | 95.14 | 88 | 93.65 | 21 | 2129 | 34.69% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00285000 | 285.00 | 94.68 | 92 | 95.3 | 1 | 2027 | 32.20% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00190000 | 190.00 | 33.35 | 32.85 | 34 | 1 | 2000 | 37.62% | |
| NVDA 280616P00125000 | 125.00 | 9.75 | 9.5 | 10.35 | 1 | 1602 | 42.37% | |
| NVDA 280616P00230000 | 230.00 | 55.9 | 54.1 | 57.75 | 150 | 1508 | 36.53% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00100000 | 100.00 | 5.2 | 4.65 | 5.5 | 1 | 1465 | 45.18% | |
| NVDA 280616P00185000 | 185.00 | 30.83 | 30.35 | 31.6 | 8 | 1306 | 37.92% | |
| NVDA 280616P00075000 | 75.00 | 2.42 | 1.64 | 2.61 | 1 | 1106 | 49.50% | |
| NVDA 280616P00205000 | 205.00 | 40.58 | 39.45 | 42.25 | 1 | 1075 | 37.20% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00210000 | 210.00 | 43.44 | 42.15 | 44.45 | 2 | 923 | 36.40% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00110000 | 110.00 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 7.15 | 2 | 922 | 43.87% | |
| NVDA 280616P00105000 | 105.00 | 6.3 | 5.45 | 6.3 | 5 | 899 | 44.54% | |
| NVDA 280616P00080000 | 80.00 | 2.56 | 2.24 | 2.81 | 297 | 886 | 47.46% | |
| NVDA 280616P00085000 | 85.00 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 1 | 834 | 46.57% | |
| NVDA 280616P00095000 | 95.00 | 4.25 | 4.1 | 4.45 | 6 | 814 | 44.95% | |
| NVDA 280616P00165000 | 165.00 | 22.14 | 21.2 | 23.95 | 1 | 813 | 40.30% | |
| NVDA 280616P00135000 | 135.00 | 12.15 | 12 | 13.55 | 1 | 780 | 42.38% | |
| NVDA 280616P00145000 | 145.00 | 15.28 | 14.4 | 16.1 | 6 | 766 | 40.94% | |
| NVDA 280616P00175000 | 175.00 | 28.05 | 25.25 | 27.1 | 1 | 731 | 38.56% | |
| NVDA 280616P00070000 | 70.00 | 1.91 | 1.27 | 2.19 | 5 | 572 | 50.50% | |
| NVDA 280616P00215000 | 215.00 | 43.97 | 45.5 | 48 | 96 | 530 | 36.75% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00040000 | 40.00 | 0.6 | 0.13 | 0.71 | 25 | 434 | 55.91% | |
| NVDA 280616P00020000 | 20.00 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.32 | 5 | 407 | 70.61% | |
| NVDA 280616P00320000 | 320.00 | 125.31 | 120.25 | 126.45 | 1 | 389 | 33.19% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00335000 | 335.00 | 130.45 | 133.45 | 139.55 | 196 | 374 | 32.72% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00140000 | 140.00 | 13.86 | 13.5 | 14.8 | 6 | 326 | 41.67% | |
| NVDA 280616P00060000 | 60.00 | 1.25 | 0.8 | 1.76 | 20 | 242 | 51.18% | |
| NVDA 280616P00340000 | 340.00 | 140.65 | 137.6 | 144 | 10 | 225 | 32.58% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00225000 | 225.00 | 50.97 | 51.4 | 53.95 | 1 | 224 | 36.18% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00055000 | 55.00 | 1.01 | 0.74 | 1.46 | 30 | 223 | 53.09% | |
| NVDA 280616P00090000 | 90.00 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 3.75 | 2 | 211 | 45.43% | |
| NVDA 280616P00330000 | 330.00 | 134.45 | 128.8 | 135.15 | 166 | 194 | 32.88% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00250000 | 250.00 | 68.84 | 67.6 | 70.15 | 3 | 185 | 34.73% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00115000 | 115.00 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 8.25 | 2 | 155 | 43.57% | |
| NVDA 280616P00290000 | 290.00 | 97.15 | 95.9 | 101.5 | 6 | 153 | 34.26% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00050000 | 50.00 | 0.81 | 0.56 | 1.2 | 5 | 150 | 54.54% | |
| NVDA 280616P00300000 | 300.00 | 105.05 | 104.85 | 109.6 | 4 | 138 | 33.88% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00325000 | 325.00 | 133 | 124.5 | 130.8 | 15 | 114 | 33.06% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00270000 | 270.00 | 86.23 | 81.5 | 84.65 | 2 | 85 | 33.81% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00315000 | 315.00 | 119.95 | 112.15 | 116.15 | 25 | 75 | 25.43% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00015000 | 15.00 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.23 | 2 | 75 | 76.76% | |
| NVDA 280616P00260000 | 260.00 | 74.65 | 74.5 | 77.35 | 2 | 68 | 34.35% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00350000 | 350.00 | 147.7 | 147.45 | 152.95 | 2 | 66 | 32.23% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00360000 | 360.00 | 166.4 | 155.8 | 162.05 | 2 | 49 | 31.93% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00295000 | 295.00 | 98.5 | 100.95 | 105.55 | 6 | 49 | 34.09% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00305000 | 305.00 | 114.7 | 107.75 | 113.75 | 40 | 42 | 33.71% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00265000 | 265.00 | 83.88 | 77.85 | 80.95 | 16 | 42 | 34.06% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00310000 | 310.00 | 113.65 | 111.85 | 117.95 | 30 | 42 | 33.55% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00240000 | 240.00 | 61.9 | 61.4 | 63.25 | 40 | 40 | 35.14% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00045000 | 45.00 | 0.79 | 0.15 | 1.13 | 10 | 40 | 55.47% | |
| NVDA 280616P00275000 | 275.00 | 82.47 | 85.5 | 89.75 | 4 | 36 | 34.85% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00255000 | 255.00 | 68.35 | 70.95 | 73.75 | 2 | 25 | 34.57% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00390000 | 390.00 | 184.75 | 184.7 | 189.8 | 2 | 24 | 30.66% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00430000 | 430.00 | 199.51 | 218.6 | 222.65 | 0 | 20 | 0.00% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00245000 | 245.00 | 62.75 | 64.1 | 66.85 | 1 | 19 | 35.10% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00345000 | 345.00 | 147.9 | 142.1 | 148.45 | 8 | 16 | 32.40% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00065000 | 65.00 | 1.45 | 1.07 | 2.04 | 2 | 13 | 52.88% | |
| NVDA 280616P00010000 | 10.00 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.17 | 2 | 12 | 86.33% | |
| NVDA 280616P00030000 | 30.00 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.62 | 10 | 11 | 63.14% | |
| NVDA 280616P00370000 | 370.00 | 161.37 | 165.3 | 171.15 | 4 | 10 | 31.43% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00035000 | 35.00 | 0.42 | 0.1 | 0.84 | 1 | 9 | 61.52% | |
| NVDA 280616P00025000 | 25.00 | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.64 | 1 | 7 | 69.63% | |
| NVDA 280616P00380000 | 380.00 | 176.69 | 166.5 | 173.1 | 2 | 2 | 0.00% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00005000 | 5.00 | 0.04 | 0 | 0.6 | 1 | 1 | 130.08% | |
| NVDA 280616P00440000 | 440.00 | 215.31 | 228.45 | 232.5 | 0 | 1 | 0.00% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00400000 | 400.00 | 200.57 | 194.55 | 199.4 | 2 | 0 | 30.60% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00410000 | 410.00 | 210.03 | 204.6 | 208.9 | 3 | 0 | 30.16% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00420000 | 420.00 | 222.69 | 214.45 | 218.9 | 0 | 0 | 30.93% | YES |
| NVDA 280616P00460000 | 460.00 | 261.55 | 254.35 | 259.05 | 0 | 0 | 34.20% | YES |
This page displays the full NVDA options chain for contracts expiring on 2028-06-16. Both call and put tables include contract symbols, last trade price, bid/ask quotes, daily change and percentage change, trading volume, open interest, implied volatility, and an in-the-money (ITM) flag. It is designed to give you a complete snapshot of how the market is pricing risk and direction for this specific expiry.
Around earnings, macro data releases, or company-specific news, traders often focus on a single expiration such as 2028-06-16. By monitoring changes in implied volatility, volume, and open interest for each strike, you can see where traders are concentrating their bets and hedges. Large shifts in activity on out-of-the-money calls or puts can be early signs of expected volatility or directional moves in NVDA.
The ITM column highlights whether a contract is currently in-the-money for NVDA: call options are ITM when their strike is below the current stock price, while put options are ITM when their strike is above the current stock price. ITM contracts have intrinsic value, while out-of-the-money options are purely time and volatility value. This distinction helps you quickly identify which strikes are already “in the money” for this expiry.
Implied volatility reflects how much movement the market expects for NVDA between now and 2028-06-16. Higher IV typically means options are more expensive and the market is pricing in larger potential moves. You can compare IV across strikes and between calls and puts to identify skew – for example, expensive downside puts may indicate demand for crash protection, while rich upside calls can signal speculative interest.
No. This 2028-06-16 options chain gives a granular view for one maturity only. For a complete picture of positioning in NVDA, you should also review the multi-expiry options overview where you can compare put/call ratios, total open interest and volume across different expiration dates. Combining both perspectives helps you understand whether traders are focused on very short-term moves or longer-dated themes.
The NVDA options data on this page is refreshed regularly during market hours to reflect the latest trades, mid-market quotes, and open interest updates. Intraday changes in volume, open interest, and implied volatility can provide important signals about how sentiment and risk pricing are evolving as 2028-06-16 approaches.
